HISTORY OF KARATE

A theory stated that the origin of Karate is from Okinawa martial art. TE or OKINAWA-TE is the native martial art which have developed for many centuries and then it was influenced by fighting technique brought by martial art experts from China refuged to Okinawa. Around the 5th century, a famous Buddhist Monk Bodhidharma (Daruma Daishi) travelled from India to China to spread and improve Buddhist Religion which have diverged in Liang Kingdom under the authority of Caesar Wu. After his dispute with Caesar Wu because of the differences view in Buddhist tuition, secluded to Shaolin Tsu Monastery at Sung Highlands in the southern capital of Loyang of the Kingdom of Wei. That was where he continued his teaching in Buddhist and became the forerunner of Zen Sect. 

 

The Chinese Buddhist monk at the time her body was so weak, so they can not run his lessons well. Once He knew this, he gave a Physical Power book to his students, a guidebook to the physical exercise. This book teaches stroke technique called 18 Arhat, which later known as Shaolin Chuan. An other opinion says that the story above is a fairy tale. However Bodhidharma is the third son of the King of South India. And as a prince, he is expert in war studies which became one of his study, as well as Sakyamuni. Anyway just a person with a strong mind and body can hold so much travel and faces many obstacles.

Another martial arts expert who is very well known that emerged at the time of the Sung Dynasty (920-1279 AD) is Chang Sang Feng (Thio Sam Hong). Originally Chang studied martial arts at Shaolin Tsu, then in exile in the mountain Wutang (Butong). This is where he studied a variety of animals movements, such as monkeys, herons, and snakes. Based on his observations, he created a distinctive style with a personal fight called Wutang tuition. If Shaolin Chuan only practiced by the Buddhist priest, the Wutang intended for public who have no relation with others group. Chang taught to deflect opponent punch with limber style like water flows and attack with certainty to end the defense with one hit. His creation was based on the idea about there should be flexible circular motion and sharp edges movement. This tuition then had a great influence in the development of martial art in China. The Wutang style was immediately spread out in all areas of Northern China which in the next period developed as Taichi-Chuan, Hsingi-Chuan, and Pakua-Chuan. 

There were still a lot of martial arts figures who created their own style and tuition. One of them was Chueh Yuan who was also have studied at Shaolin Tsu. In 1151-1368 BC, he succeeded to cretae new tuition by expanding 18 punches of Arhat became 72 movements. He went around to many areas of China and then met with Po Yu Feng who created Wu Chuan punch. Both of them cooperated to create one new tuition reached 170 kinds of punches, such as Five Boxing, Dragon Boxing, Tiger Boxing, Crane Boxing, Panther Boxing, and Snake Boxing. In all areas of China, many kinds of martial art styles and tuitions developed, which then adapted with the condition of environment where they developed and practiced. However, generally the exist styles and tuitions could be divided into two tuitions, these were NORTH Tuition and SOUTH Tuition.  

South Tuition came from the area of South China in the downstream of the Yang Tse River. Since it was temperature climate zone, the most economical activity source was farming especially rice farming. The local society tended to be stocky and strong because of working in the field. Moreover, There were many rivers in this area, so that the transportation tool was boat. Daily paddling caused the upper body of the people was more developed. Thus, this tuition emphasized on flexible style and the use of hands and head. 

North Tuition developed in the area of North China in the upstream of Yang Tse River, which the place was highlands. Regarding that in this area the people often involved in hunting and logging as the working source, so this tuition more emphasized on the energetic movement and the use of kick technique. 

During the transition from Dynasty Ming to Dynasty Ching, a number of Chinese martial art experts escaped to other countries to liberate themselces from oppression and massacres committed by Manchu people who governed China. As a result, Chinese martial art from Dynasty Ming was spreaded out to many countries including Japan, Korean, Southeast Asia, and also Okinawa Islands. One of them was Chen Yuan Pao who heading to Japan, which then he taught about ideas and technique of Judo. Until the 15th century, Okinawa Islands were divided into three kingdom. In 1470, Youshi Sho from Sashikianji clan succeeded to unite all island in Okinawa under his authority. The 2nd controller from Sho clan, Shin Sho, seized and prohibited the use of sharp weapon. Then, the Shimazu from Kyushu Island succeeded to govern Okinawa Island but the restriction on possessing of sharp weapon still undertaken. Consequently, the society only could depend on their physical skill and power to defend.  

At the same time, the Chinese martial art was introduced at Okinawa through the refugees who came from China, which at that time was authorized by Manchu people (Dynasty Ching). Among the refugees, there were number of martial art expert from China. The effect of Chinese martial art was very quickly spread throughout the Okinawa Island. Toward perseverance and hard exercise, Okinawa people have developed a kind of new fighting style and technique that ultimately transcended the original source. Martial art tuitions of Te (original of Tode or Tote) at Okinawa were divided according to the name of place where it developed, such as Naha-te, Shuri-te, and Tomari-te. Naha-te was similar to Chinese martial art from South tuition, especially in the pattern of its movement which was done with strong movement and appropriate for the big man. huri-te was similar to Chinese martial art from North tuition, which the movement pattern more emphasized to agility and lightness of body. While, Shinazu clan was more tightened the restriction n possession of sharp weapon, the exercise of Te martial art pattern was more developed. 

Since ancient time, in Japan itself has also been a pattern of martial art. The most famous until now is Sumo. Formerly, Sumo was very strong and wild, where the participants were allowed to hit and kick each other and have prepared to die. In the 8th century, lethal punches and kicks were not allowed anymore. Later, Sumo matches have been similar to the Sumo matches in the present day.  Chinese martial art figure who fled from the Manchu colonialization also spreaded throughout Japan. Many kinds of style and technique they disclosed causing new tuitions. Under the influence and guidance of Chen Yuan Pao, Jiu Jitsu tuition or mild tuition of martial art was established by some Japanese martial art figures. The concept of "softness can defeat hardness" stated came from China, and this tuition developed its important influence on the others martial art pattern. One of them which was very popular is Judo which established by  Jigoro Kano.

Because of the tenacity to examine, train, and develop themselves, Judo has been successfully received throughout Japan as one of modern sport. In 1923, Gichin Funakoshi ,who was born in Shuri, Okinawa in 1869, demonstrated Te or Okinawa-Te in Japan for the first time. Successively, on 1929, figures such as Kenwa Mabuni, Choyun Miyagi came from Okinawa and spreaded karate in Japan. Kenwa Mabuni called his tuition as  Gojuryu, while Gichin Funakoshi called his tuition as Shotokan. Okinawa Te has been influenced by techniques of Chinese martial art and once again blended with the exist martial art in Japan, so that it has changed dan developed to ke Karate as it is today. Due to the hard efforts from those martial art figures during World War II period, Karate has grown rapidly throughout the world and became the most popular martial art in the world. Then, in 1956, Masutatsu Oyama officially established new tuition of Karate which was called Kyokushin. 

In Indonesia, root of organisation karate is FORKI ( Federasi Olaharaga Karate-Do Indonesia ), and there are 28 intutions who under FORKI, there are :

  

Logo FORKI

1. AMURA (Karate-Do Indonesia)
2. BKC (Bandung Karate Club)
3. BLACK PANTHER KARATE INDONESIA
4. FUNAKOSHI
5. GABDIKA SHITORYU INDONESIA (Gabungan Beladiri Karate-Do Shitoryu)
6. GOJUKAI (Gojuryu Karate-Do Indonesia)
7. GOJU RYU ASS (Gojuryu Association)
8. GOKASI (Gojuryu Karate-Do Shinbukan Seluruh Indonesia)
9. INKADO (Indonesia Karate-Do)
10. INKAI (Institut Karate-Do Indonesia)
11. INKANAS (Intitut Karate-Do Nasional)
12. KALA HITAM
13. KANDAGA PRANA
14. KEI SHIN KAN
15. KKNSI (Kesatuan Karate-Do Naga Sakti Indonesia)
16. KKI (Kushin Ryu M. Karate-Do Indonesia)
17. KYOKUSHINKAI (Kyokushinkai Karate-Do Indonesia)
18. LEMKARI (Lembaga Karate-Do Indonesia)
19. SHOTOKAI
20. PORBIKAWA
21. PORDIBYA
22. SHINDOKA (Shito-ryu Karate-Do Indonesia)
23. SHI ROI TE
24. TAKO INDONESIA
25. WADOKAI (Wadoryu Karate-Do Indonesia)
26. PEMIKADO ( Persatuan Minang Karate-Do)
27. RKS (Reikenuchi Karate School)
28. MUSHIKAWA KARATE-DO INDONESIA

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Sumber :
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federasi_Olahraga_Karate-Do_Indonesia
http://inkado.umm.ac.id/home.php?c=39070601&lang=en