A theory stated that the origin of Karate is from Okinawa martial art. TE or OKINAWA-TE
is the native martial art which have developed for many centuries and
then it was influenced by fighting technique brought by martial art
experts from China refuged to Okinawa. Around the 5th century, a famous
Buddhist Monk Bodhidharma (Daruma Daishi) travelled from India to China
to spread and improve Buddhist Religion which have diverged in Liang
Kingdom under the authority of Caesar Wu. After his dispute with Caesar
Wu because of the differences view in Buddhist tuition, secluded to
Shaolin Tsu Monastery at Sung Highlands in the southern capital of Loyang of the Kingdom of Wei. That was where he continued his teaching in Buddhist and became the forerunner of Zen Sect.
The Chinese Buddhist monk at the time her body was so weak, so they can not run his lessons well. Once He knew this, he gave a Physical Power book to his students, a guidebook to the physical exercise. This book teaches stroke technique called 18 Arhat, which later known as Shaolin Chuan. An other opinion says that the story above is a fairy tale. However Bodhidharma is the third son of the King of South India. And as a prince, he is expert in war studies which became one of his study, as well as Sakyamuni. Anyway just a person with a strong mind and body can hold so much travel and faces many obstacles.
Another
martial arts expert who is very well known that emerged at the time of
the Sung Dynasty (920-1279 AD) is Chang Sang Feng (Thio Sam Hong).
Originally Chang studied martial arts at Shaolin Tsu, then in exile in
the mountain Wutang (Butong). This is where he studied a variety of
animals movements, such as monkeys, herons, and snakes. Based on his
observations, he created a distinctive style with a personal fight
called Wutang tuition. If Shaolin Chuan only practiced by the Buddhist
priest, the Wutang intended for public who have no relation with others
group. Chang taught to deflect opponent punch with limber style
like water flows and attack with certainty to end the defense with one
hit. His creation was based on the idea about there should be flexible
circular motion and sharp edges movement. This
tuition then had a great influence in the development of martial art
in China. The Wutang style was immediately spread out in all areas of
Northern China which in the next period developed as Taichi-Chuan,
Hsingi-Chuan, and Pakua-Chuan.
There were still a lot of martial arts
figures who created their own style and tuition. One of them was Chueh
Yuan who was also have studied at Shaolin Tsu. In 1151-1368 BC, he
succeeded to cretae new tuition by expanding 18 punches of Arhat became
72 movements. He went around to many areas of China and then met with Po
Yu Feng who created Wu Chuan punch. Both of them cooperated to create
one new tuition reached 170 kinds of punches, such as Five Boxing,
Dragon Boxing, Tiger Boxing, Crane Boxing, Panther Boxing, and Snake
Boxing. In all areas of China, many kinds of martial art styles and
tuitions developed, which then adapted with the condition of environment
where they developed and practiced. However, generally the exist styles
and tuitions could be divided into two tuitions, these were NORTH
Tuition and SOUTH Tuition.
South Tuition came from the area of South
China in the downstream of the Yang Tse River. Since it was temperature
climate zone, the most economical activity source was farming especially
rice farming. The local society tended to be stocky and strong because
of working in the field. Moreover, There were many rivers in this area,
so that the transportation tool was boat. Daily paddling caused the
upper body of the people was more developed. Thus, this tuition
emphasized on flexible style and the use of hands and head.
North Tuition developed in the area of North
China in the upstream of Yang Tse River, which the place was highlands.
Regarding that in this area the people often involved in hunting and
logging as the working source, so this tuition more emphasized on the
energetic movement and the use of kick technique.
During the transition from Dynasty Ming to
Dynasty Ching, a number of Chinese martial art experts escaped to other
countries to liberate themselces from oppression and massacres committed
by Manchu people who governed China. As a result, Chinese martial art
from Dynasty Ming was spreaded out to many countries including Japan,
Korean, Southeast Asia, and also Okinawa Islands. One of them was Chen
Yuan Pao who heading to Japan, which then he taught about ideas and
technique of Judo. Until the 15th century, Okinawa Islands were divided
into three kingdom. In 1470, Youshi Sho from Sashikianji clan succeeded
to unite all island in Okinawa under his authority. The 2nd controller
from Sho clan, Shin Sho, seized and prohibited the use of sharp weapon.
Then, the Shimazu from Kyushu Island succeeded to govern Okinawa Island
but the restriction on possessing of sharp weapon still undertaken.
Consequently, the society only could depend on their physical skill and
power to defend.
At the same time, the Chinese martial art was introduced at Okinawa
through the refugees who came from China, which at that time was
authorized by Manchu people (Dynasty Ching). Among the refugees, there
were number of martial art expert from China. The effect of Chinese
martial art was very quickly spread throughout the Okinawa Island.
Toward perseverance and hard exercise, Okinawa people have developed a
kind of new fighting style and technique that ultimately transcended the
original source. Martial art tuitions of Te
(original of Tode or Tote) at Okinawa were divided according to the name
of place where it developed, such as Naha-te,
Shuri-te, and Tomari-te. Naha-te was similar to Chinese martial art
from South tuition, especially in the pattern of its movement which was
done with strong movement and appropriate for the big man. huri-te was
similar to Chinese martial art from North tuition, which the movement
pattern more emphasized to agility and lightness of body. While, Shinazu
clan was more tightened the restriction n possession of sharp weapon,
the exercise of Te martial art pattern was more developed.
Since ancient time, in Japan itself has also
been a pattern of martial art. The most famous until now is Sumo.
Formerly, Sumo was very strong and wild, where the participants were
allowed to hit and kick each other and have prepared to die. In the 8th
century, lethal punches and kicks were not allowed anymore. Later, Sumo
matches have been similar to the Sumo matches in the present day.
Chinese martial art figure who fled from the Manchu colonialization also
spreaded throughout Japan. Many kinds of style and technique they
disclosed causing new tuitions. Under the influence and guidance of Chen
Yuan Pao, Jiu Jitsu tuition or mild tuition of martial art was
established by some Japanese martial art figures. The concept of
"softness can defeat hardness" stated came from China, and this tuition
developed its important influence on the others martial art pattern. One
of them which was very popular is Judo which established by Jigoro
Kano.
Because of the tenacity to examine, train,
and develop themselves, Judo has been successfully received throughout
Japan as one of modern sport. In 1923, Gichin Funakoshi ,who was born
in Shuri, Okinawa in 1869, demonstrated Te or Okinawa-Te in Japan for
the first time. Successively, on 1929, figures such as Kenwa Mabuni,
Choyun Miyagi came from Okinawa and spreaded karate in Japan. Kenwa
Mabuni called his tuition as Gojuryu, while Gichin Funakoshi called
his tuition as Shotokan. Okinawa Te has been influenced by techniques
of Chinese martial art and once again blended with the exist martial art
in Japan, so that it has changed dan developed to ke Karate as it is
today. Due to the hard efforts from those martial art figures during
World War II period, Karate has grown rapidly throughout the world and
became the most popular martial art in the world. Then, in 1956,
Masutatsu Oyama officially established new tuition of Karate which was
called Kyokushin.
In Indonesia, root of organisation karate is FORKI ( Federasi Olaharaga Karate-Do Indonesia ), and there are 28 intutions who under FORKI, there are :
 |
| Logo FORKI |
- AMURA (Karate-Do Indonesia)
- BKC (Bandung Karate Club)
- BLACK PANTHER KARATE INDONESIA
- FUNAKOSHI
- GABDIKA SHITORYU INDONESIA (Gabungan Beladiri Karate-Do Shitoryu)
- GOJUKAI (Gojuryu Karate-Do Indonesia)
- GOJU RYU ASS (Gojuryu Association)
- GOKASI (Gojuryu Karate-Do Shinbukan Seluruh Indonesia)
- INKADO (Indonesia Karate-Do)
- INKAI (Institut Karate-Do Indonesia)
- INKANAS (Intitut Karate-Do Nasional)
- KALA HITAM
- KANDAGA PRANA
- KEI SHIN KAN
- KKNSI (Kesatuan Karate-Do Naga Sakti Indonesia)
- KKI (Kushin Ryu M. Karate-Do Indonesia)
- KYOKUSHINKAI (Kyokushinkai Karate-Do Indonesia)
- LEMKARI (Lembaga Karate-Do Indonesia)
- SHOTOKAI
- PORBIKAWA
- PORDIBYA
- SHINDOKA (Shito-ryu Karate-Do Indonesia)
- SHI ROI TE
- TAKO INDONESIA
- WADOKAI (Wadoryu Karate-Do Indonesia)
- PEMIKADO ( Persatuan Minang Karate-Do)
- RKS (Reikenuchi Karate School)
- MUSHIKAWA KARATE-DO INDONESIA
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Sumber :
http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federasi_Olahraga_Karate-Do_Indonesia
http://inkado.umm.ac.id/home.php?c=39070601&lang=en
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